Numéro 8 (1): 2011. Special Issue 'Ethics of Human Development and Global Justice: Responsibility of Institutions and Citizens for Action on Poverty'
Articles
Eric PALMER
Daniela GALLEGOS
Anna MALAVISI
Alejandra BONI
Marta PEDRAJAS
Adela CORTINA
“Una propuesta de ética del desarrollo”
ABSTRACT
The ethics of development comprises both fieldwork and consideration of the theoretical frameworks that guide practical action. In this article, such a framework for development ethics is presented, in an effort to link two traditions: those associated with economists Denis Goulet and Amartya Sen, and the present author’s own conceptions regarding applied ethics, which are rooted in MacIntyre’s concept of practice along with the discourse ethics originally proposed by Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen Habermas. Within such a framework it becomes possible to emphasize the ethical element of human development work, the goal of the ethics of development.
KEYWORDS
Development ethics, justice, applied ethics, values, economic ethics, deliberative democracy
Shiva NOURPANAH
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the ethics of refugee aid, attempting to answer “Why do States engage in refugee aid?” Moving beyond the simplistic answer based on the notion of charity, which demonstrably fits ill with the essentially positivist methodology of conducting refugee aid, an ethical model is construed based on the Weberian concept of action as an instrument of rationality. This is supported with critical readings from Hannah Arendt, amongst others, and also my own experiences as a former UNHCR aid worker. However, although this model better captures ground realities, it negates the individuality and humanity of refugees. Thus refugee aid as a form of global, transnational justice will be presented, based on readings from Amartya Sen.
KEYWORDS
refugee aid, ethical framework, refugee aid as global justice, refugee aid as instrument of rationality
Juan Carlos SIURANA
ABSTRACT
I defend three discourse ethics aspects of capabilities for human development: 1) Capability for self-understanding; 2) Capability to ground judgements in a dialogue with the affected; 3) Capability to carry out, with others, the justice projects agreed by common consent. Here I interpret them as capabilities for “reciprocal recognition.” I claim that the forms of selfrelation of the subject, defined by Axel Honneth, complement the capability for selfunderstanding. Honneth also offers an idea of justice that reviews the second mentioned capability. But I question the concept of “struggle” in Honneth from the perspective of the third capability, showing the advantages of co-responsibility. Then, I show that the three capabilities can be specified in indicators in each one of the spheres of the society where important ethical issues are confronted, and I give the example of what happens within the business sector. Finally, I defend a procedure to measure such indicators with concrete data. This procedure will allow us to evaluate the ethical level of a society evaluating the “ethical capabilities” of their citizens.
KEYWORDS
capabilities, discourse ethics, reciprocal recognition, human development, indicators
Benoît LALLAU
“La résilience, moyen et fin d’un développement durable?”
ABSTRACT
Interest for the concept of resilience is growing within development studies, facing climate change and other environmental risks. It has been first studied by the social ecological systems researchers. However we need, first to analyze the relevance and scope of this concept at the micro level, second to focus on the links between resilience and sustainable development. Our framework integrates the capability approach and an economic analysis of risk management, and stresses on the individual abilities to prevent risks and to cope with shocks. It leads to consider the possibility of consider resilience as an end of sustainable development. This raises two major difficulties, relating to the complexity of the individual agencies’ analysis and to the articulation of these agencies with collective dynamics.
KEYWORDS
Resilience, social ecological system, vulnerability, capability, socially sustainable development
Adriana SANTANDER
“La justicia positiva en el poder global”
ABSTRACT
Is it possible to carry out social and economic policies in the global sphere similar to those the welfare state carries out inside their territories? To answer this question we will consider the theoretical model that political philosophy based on realism presents for international relations, and see from a Habermasian perspective the adequacy of this model in regards to the globalization context within which we live. Noting the solutions that this model offers in the face of the problem of positive justice, and considering them insufficient, we will take into account cosmopolitan democracy as another option, and we will explain some of the limitations that Habermas notes for this model.
KEYWORDS
Positive justice, world government, cosmopolitan democracy, Westphalian model
Bruno BOIDIN
“La ‘bonne gouvernance’ et les pays en développement : le cas des politiques de santé au Gabon”
ABSTRACT
From the Gabonese experience, this article studies the way international pressures about “good governance” have an impact on the organization and the functioning of the health system in a developing country. At first governance and good governance are defined under a critical point of view. Then we present the influence of the topic “governance” in the evolution of political announcements and programmes of public health in Gabon. Finally we try to demonstrate the disconnection between announcements and reforms. The conclusion discusses the relevance of the good governance agenda.
KEYWORDS
good governance, international institutions, health, Gabon
Carlos ZORRO-SÁNCHEZ
“Ética y Responsabilidad social en el mundo globalizado”
ABSTRACT
Social responsibility is the expression of our ethical principles in our social relationships. Consequently, our social behavior is defined by the understanding and practice of Ethics. This article states that is the application of the ethical criteria based on capitalist, neoliberal principles prevailing in today’s economic and political practice, and not the violation of fundamental ethical principles by some influential individuals or organizations, has led society and its leaders to accept as normal numerous situations of extreme injustice that affect vast sectors of the global population.
KEYWORDS
Ethics, Social responsibility, Justice, Globalization, Development.
Carmen Ferrete SARRIA
“Ética para el desarrollo: Fomentar capacidades para formar parte de la solución”
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to highlight the need to prepare citizens so that they can become co-responsible when facing the problem of development. In the first part, the ethical guidelines of the proposal are drawn up. They do not have to be created, since a framework covering the legitimate demands of civil society has already been established by the millennium development goals and three generations of human rights. In the second part, the starting point is Sen’s theory of capabilities, and the stress is placed on the need to promote capabilities that make it possible to account for our responsibility for the problem of development. Finally, in the third part, a teaching resource is presented which raises awareness of the millennium development goals and involves them in the realisation of human rights. This educational practice prepares students to play a leading role in the process of change as well as to be part of the solution.
KEYWORDS
civic ethics, ethics for development, theory of capabilities, learning-service
Luis CAMACHO
“El subdesarrollo como vulnerabilidad”
ABSTRACT
Although there are several models that seek to understand development, few authors try to characterize underdevelopment under an all-encompassing concept. This is why the notion of vulnerability, as exposed by Goulet in The Cruel Choice (1971), continues to be useful in the analysis of underdevelopment. Firstly, it aids us to understand underdevelopment, but also to see the relationship between development and underdevelopment. In particular, it is important to analyze Goulet’s idea of vulnerability of those who have power as a necessary condition for the development of both the powerless and the powerful.
KEYWORDS
development, underdevelopment, vulnerability, ethics, participation
Ondřej HORKÝ
ABSTRACT
This paper draws on James Ferguson’s concept of ‘anti-politics machine’ and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of illusio to explore the nature of the international development cooperation programmes financed by the Czech government. It argues that its character as an ‘anti-politics machine’ turns development into a highly technical issue and dismisses essential political questions of global equity and policy coherence from the public debate. Moreover, the actors in the field of development cooperation are held in an illusio: they are required to appear as altruistic, which obscures their particular interests. This instrumentalization of development aid contributes to further isolation of the Czech development constituency and raises fundamental questions for the democratic legitimacy of development cooperation.
KEYWORDS
Development cooperation, depoliticization, legitimacy, anti-politics machine, illusio, Czech Republic
Evan AXELRAD
ABSTRACT
As developing countries have become more integrated within the global economy, new, developing world-based economic elites have emerged as important philanthropists and development actors. The burgeoning trend of indigenous philanthropy holds particularly important implications for traditionally resource scarce civil society throughout the developing world. Unlike their Western – and particularly US based – counterparts, these foundations emerged from the context in which they focus their projects. This paper explores whether and how the rise of an indigenous philanthropic sector holds promise for the expansion and consolidation of civil society in the developing world in light of the various limited capacities in which this sector operates.
KEYWORDS
indigenous philanthropy, development, civil society
Comptes Rendus / Book Reviews
Marc SOLINHAC
ABSTRACT
Partnership is one of the less well-defined concepts of fair trade, yet one central to its definition. It has three components (representational regime, control mechanisms and spaces of negotiation) that coexist and have a variable importance depending on the moment of the history of the movement. From a case study of a partnership between CIAP (Peru), Artisans du Monde and Solidarmonde (France), the paper propose an analysis of those dimensions. From an actual dominating regime of representations and mechanisms of control, we propose a discussion on the tools that would allow building on the spaces of negotiations available in the relation to construct partnership management mechanism. Using the literature on international cooperation and evaluation, tools for a co-management of the chain based on the concept of partnership are proposed as a main base on which to build relations between northern and southern stakeholders in fair trade.
KEYWORDS
Fair trade, partnership, evaluation
Numéro 8 (2): 2011
Articles
Jean-Frédéric LEMAY
Christophe MALDIDIER
ABSTRACT
Partnership is one of the less well-defined concepts of fair trade, yet one central to its definition. It has three components (representational regime, control mechanisms and spaces of negotiation) that coexist and have a variable importance depending on the moment of the history of the movement. From a case study of a partnership between CIAP (Peru), Artisans du Monde and Solidarmonde (France), the paper propose an analysis of those dimensions. From an actual dominating regime of representations and mechanisms of control, we propose a discussion on the tools that would allow building on the spaces of negotiations available in the relation to construct partnership management mechanism. Using the literature on international cooperation and evaluation, tools for a co-management of the chain based on the concept of partnership are proposed as a main base on which to build relations between northern and southern stakeholders in fair trade.
KEYWORDS
Fair trade, partnership, evaluation
S. L. REITER
ABSTRACT
Thomas Pogge’s notion of moral loopholes serves to provide support for two claims: first, that the ethical code of the global economic order contains moral loopholes that allow participants in special social arrangements to reduce their obligations to those outside the social arrangement, which leads to morally objectionable actions for which no party feels responsible and that are also counterproductive to the overall objective of the economic system; and, second, that these moral loopholes are more likely to exist as our economic order becomes more global. Finally, it will be shown that attempts to rectify the situation with voluntary corporate codes of conduct are inadequate. The argument proceeds through analysis of one case study, concerning action by the executive of the Cerrejón mining operation at La Guajira Penisular, Colombia.
KEYWORDS
Global economic justice, Moral responsibility, Thomas Pogge, Role-related duties, Corporate responsibility, La Guajira, Cerrejón
Jean-Paul MINVIELLE
ABSTRACT
Since the beginning of the 80s, a growing number of tourist operators are involved in the implementation of responsible practices. Facing this exponential production of ethic charters and codes of conduct, the question must be asked of the reality of their altruism. The analysis of the literature on corporate social responsibility amply demonstrates that corporations are the primary beneficiaries of those practices. Then, the promulgation of charters and codes of conducts appears more as a means for companies to appear ethically correct than as a real consideration of the interests of the peoples and territories exploited.
KEYWORDS
Tourism, corporate social responsibility, ethics, ethical charters, codes of conduct
René AUDET
“Le Sud global et les nouvelles figures del’équité à l’OMC”
ABSTRACT
In parallel to the fair trade movement activities, the notion of fairness is at the heart of a conflict of interpretation between developed and developing countries in multilateral trade negotiations. Recently, this conflict has mutated along with the rise of numerous Global South inter-state coalitions at the World Trade Organization. This paper, proposes an analysis of these Doha Development Round coalitions by comparing their discourse to the Third World ideology. It describes how the semantic fields of the “policy space” and “proportionality” indicate a higher level of implementation of the new faces of fairness at the WTO and, maybe, a deeper institutionalisation.
KEYWORDS
World Trade Organisation, Discourse Analysis, Developing Countries, Global South, Third World, Fair Trade.
Pierre JOHNSON
“Le mouvement du commerce équitable et la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique”
ABSTRACT
Fair trade is one of the oldest contemporary socio-economic movements. It contributes to a better inclusion of social conditionalities of developing countries producers in world trade. While the notion of equity is spreading worldwide, this civil society movement seems to ignore the principle of « fair and equitable sharing » of genetic resources included in the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper studies the differentiated application of the principles of the CBD by private sector, companies and labels, and fair trade players. It concludes to the opportunity of an update of the approaches developed by the fair trade movement, including the issues of the valorization of biodiversity and related traditional knowledge.
KEYWORDS
biodiversity, traditional knowledge, fair trade, genetic resources, access and benefit sharing, intellectual property rights.
Ronan LE VELLY
ABSTRACT
The author describes how the idea of a North-North fair trade is envisaged in the most important French fair trade network, Artisans du Monde. He shows that the promotion of fair trade with local producers is frequently thought as a natural extension of the previous objectives of the movement, but also generates questionings among Artisans du Monde activists about the differences of socio-economic situations that exist between the local producers and the Southern countries’ producers and about the nature of the equity they want to defend. Then, he explains that the Artisans du Monde’s fair trade supply chains and the short supply chains that inspire the idea of a local fair trade are organised in very different ways, especially because the first ones are highly intermediated when the second ones establish direct relations between producers and consumers.
KEYWORDS
justice, local fair trade, short supply chains, sustainable consumption, social movements
Thierry BRUGVIN
“Le commerce équitable :vers une régulation sociale ou une gouvernance libérale?”
ABSTRACT
The bringing of the equitable trade with respect to the great distribution and the transnational corporations, the registered voter in an ethical approach of the economy. However this orientation runs the risk of the denial of the politic and to fail in his social politique. However by privatisation the regulation of work and the trade, the NGO also tend to reinforce a current which it denounces: a governorship by the civil society of néolibérale nature.
KEYWORDS
Label, audit, equitable trade, ethical trade, privatization, governance, civil society.
Hanitra RANDRIANASOLO
ABSTRACT
The bringing of the equitable trade with respect to the great distribution and the transnational corporations, the registered voter in an ethical approach of the economy. However this orientation runs the risk of the denial of the politic and to fail in his social politique. However by privatisation the regulation of work and the trade, the NGO also tend to reinforce a current which it denounces: a governorship by the civil society of néolibérale nature.
KEYWORDS
Label, audit, equitable trade, ethical trade, privatization, governance, civil society.
Jérôme BALLET
Corinne GENDRON
“Commerce équitable et équité :Quête de sens et sens pratiques”
ABSTRACT
Fair Trade aims at promoting fairness through the market. However, in Fair Trade, fairness is far from being clearly defined. Furthermore, Fair Trade has to tackle new trends, such as sustainable development. It is also facing changes as North-North Fair Trade or questionings concerning partnership. All these new perspectives call out the very meaning of fairness in Fair Trade.
KEYWORDS
Fair Trade, Fairness, Market
Dimbi RAMONJY
“Commerce équitable et Développement durable : Paradigme, Praxis et Enjeux pour les Organisations”
ABSTRACT
Since its emergence, now more than twenty years, the social project of Sustainable development is becoming institutionalized in France, especially in the context of prioritization of the environment. Fair trade, institutionally defined as contributing to Sustainable development, while renewing its paradigm and seems to be at turning point in its social building, that of a «sustainable trade». The integration of this new framework would offer fair trade organizations such opportunities in terms of environmental strategies and practices. However, this evolution also displays them in surrounding ecological skepticism and clearly questions the effectiveness of their original anthropocentric logic, that of having as focus the marginalized producers in the South.
KEYWRODS
Fair Trade, Sustainable Development, Organization, Management
Bernard GIRARD
Corinne GENDRON
“Commerce équitable : de quelle équité parle-t-on?”
ABSTRACT
Fair trade has become an important part of responsible consumption. But how is fair trade more fair than traditionnal trade? And what kind of fairness does it embody? Building on moral philosophy and justice theory of Aristote, Hume and Rawls to analyse fair trade practices as presented in many field studies, it seems that fair trade can’t claim a monopoly over equity as a contrasting distinction.
KEYWORDS
Fair trade, fairness, justice, moral philosophy, responsible consumption
Barbara HERON
ABSTRACT
Canadian universities are expanding opportunities for students to travel, study, volunteer and work abroad for academic credit, especially in regions of the global south often called “developing countries.” It is widely assumed that exposure to extreme poverty through shortterm placements overseas will make young Canadians and other Northerners into “global citizens” who would by definition be incapable of indifference to the lack of freedom that accompanies extreme poverty. This paper asks whether it is warranted for Northerners to attain a claim to global citizenship via this mechanism, especially in light of the burdens falling upon Southern organizations that host young people from Canada and elsewhere.
KEYWORDS
Global citizenship, internationalization, ethics
Comptes Rendus / Book Reviews
POLÍTICA DE CONFIABILIDAD
ETHICS, ECONOMICS & COMMON GOODS, vol. 19, No. 1, enero-junio 2022, es una publicación semestral editada por la Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla A.C., calle 21 Sur 1103, Col. Santiago, C.P. 72410, Puebla, Puebla. Tel. (222) 2299400, https://ethicsand-economics.
Editor responsable: Manuel Alejandro Gutiérrez González. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo No. 04-2022071213543400-102, ISSN en trámite, ambos otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor. Responsable de la última actualización de este número, Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro, TSU María Guadalupe García Guerrero, Av. Pie de la Cuesta 2501, col. Nacional, fecha de última modificación, 30 de julio de 2022.
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