Numéro 9 (1): 2012
Articles
Didier CORNUEL
« Squattage militant : entre efficience parétienne et principe de justice »
ABSTRACT
The squatting activism is studied from the point of view of the operation of the real estate market and the principles of liberal justice. We show that certain cases of vacancy can be considered as market failure and that under certain conditions squatting can rise pareto efficiency. We examine then the squatting from the viewpoint of the principles of justice by considering the question of expensive tastes, who must be rehoused, the eventuality of the payment of a rent, and the informationnal basis required for rehousing.
KEYWORDS
squatting, pareto efficiency, housing vacancy, market failure, housing requisitioning, principles of justice
Yanick FARMER
« Raison pratique et information asymétrique : Pour une éthique de la communication dans un monde risquophobe »
Christian MAHIEU
« Conditions expérimentales de la délibération éthique dans les organisations »
ABSTRACT
Deliberation, this term has a high topical debate. Initiatives and experiments are emerging on this subject in very different organizational contexts. Research on ethical decision making and analysis of several experiments on this subject lead us to focus our attention on decisionmaking processes related to these new deliberative practices. With regard to ethical decision and its legitimacy, rather than the analysis of convergence in the systems of representation and ethical judgments, the priority should be given to the analysis of the deliberative process itself. Based on this concept, we discuss how some experimental approaches and methods available to social actors include this concept of legitimacy by the deliberative process.
KEYWORDS
Deliberation, dialogue, deliberative process, ethical decision making
Besma BELHADJ
« Pauvreté persistante, chronique et transitoire. Nouvelle méthode axiomatique »
ABSTRACT
In many countries, policies on income distribution pay particular attention to poverty alleviation. However, rates of poverty or low incomes – who are the most commonly used indicators in this area – do not provide much information likely to improve policies to reduce poverty. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to fill this gap by proposing a new analytic fuzzy axiomatic approach for measuring persistent poverty, chronic and transitory. The fuzzy poverty measurement rests on the choice of membership functions i.e. quantitative specification of individuals’ or households’ degrees of poverty and deprivation. In this paper, fuzzy measures of persistent, chronic and transitory poverty based on the choice of membership functions and the choice of rules for the manipulation of the resulting fuzzy sets, rules defining their complement, intersection, and union are proposed. Although the scope of this paper is essentially methodological, we also present an application to the analysis of poverty dynamics in Tunisia from 1985 to 1990.
KEYWORDS
fuzzy persistent poverty, fuzzy chronic poverty, fuzzy transitory poverty
Zahia HAMDÈNE
Lobna BENHASSEN
« L’éradication du fléau de la pauvreté en Tunisie: acquis et défis »
ABSTRACT
Since the last few years, poverty is treated as a multidimensional phenomenon. Poverty in Tunisia is considered in most reports by referring to a monetary approach and this shows a very strong decrease in the rate of poverty. In this article, we study poverty following a multidimensional approach. First, we focus on the country realizations in terms of the the Millennium Development Objectives (MDG). Second, we use to “Main Component Analysis” to calculate a composite index of prosperity for every governorate. Results from this index construction show strong disparity between regions and an obstinacy of the poverty in number of governorates. More in-depth analysis, concerning the poorest governorates, allowed us to precisely localize the chronic poverty pockets.
KEYWORDS
Multidimensional poverty, MDG, Well-being indicators
SECTION SPECIALE : LES APPLICATIONS DES RESEAUX DE NEURONES EN ECONOMIE, FINANCE, MANAGEMENT ET ENVIRONNEMENT Organisée par Damien Bazin
Rim JEMLI
Nouri CHTOUROU
Rochdi FEKI
Damien BAZIN
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, the occurrence of natural disasters has been sharply increasing. These disastrous risks hit different countries in many dispersed areas and will most likely continue to be real threats in the world. Since no country is immune to natural disasters. It therefore seemed appropriate to test the determinants of their occurrence particularly with the restriction in their period of return and their increasing chance of occurrence. We booked this paper to test the factors underlying the occurrence of natural disasters. Our work is based on the application of an artificial neural network that is the multilayer perceptron. We use this network to predict the number of natural disasters from the variables the most mentioned by literature. Then, we applied the sensitivity analysis for classifying explanatory variables according to their influence on the natural disasters number during the period of 1990-2007. The obtained results showed that our neural network predicts well the number of natural disasters. Indeed, all the explanatory variables have a significant effect on the neural output. So, they contribute considerably in the explanation of a complex problem such the occurrence of natural disasters.
KEYWORDS
Natural Disasters, Urban Economics, Risk Management, Neural Network, Sensitivity Analysis.
Soulaima ABDELLI
Kaouther NOUIRA
Abdelwahed TRABELSI
« Prévision du NO2 en utilisant la méthode du réseau de neurones »
ABSTRACT
This article describes a procedure for modeling the phenomenon of dispersion of the of nitrogen dioxide concentration (NO2) using the technique of multilayer perceptron (MLP). Our goal is to prove that the concentration of NO2 is an autoregressive variable explained by meteorological variables. To do this, we proceeded through three stages: in the first stage we used only NO2 concentration variable, in the second stage we used the meteorological variables only, in the third step we used the concentration of NO2 in combination with the meteorological variables. The results showed that the third case is better than the other cases that prove our hypothesis.
KEYWORDS
NO2, forecasting, MLP
Inès ABDELKAFI
Rochdi FEKI
Damien BAZIN
« La prévision de l’inflation par la méthode des réseaux de neurones : Le cas de la Tunisie »
ABSTRACT
The neural approach drew the interest of many researchers for time series analysis and forecasting in diverse domains. In this paper, we study the ability of artificial neural networks (ANN) such as «multilayer perceptrons» to predict the Tunisian inflation rate. We try to find a better technical of inflation forecasting by comparing the results obtained using ANN to those provided by linear autoregressive models (AR) and the «naive» forecasting model. The comparison is based on the root-mean-square error (RMSE) criterion and the improvement rate of the latter (measured against the random walk). The results found showed the superiority of the RNA to trace the series evolution and to offer a better performance in terms of predictive power for inflation rate in Tunisia.
KEYWORDS
Inflation rate, forecasting time series, artificial neural networks.
Rédha TIR
ABSTRACT
From the results of a survey conducted in 2005 on a sample of 203 public officials, a typology of three fuzzy profiles has been cleared to design an allocation system based on their leadership styles, work ethics and human resource management concerns. Based on this typology fuzzy techniques borrowed from artificial intelligence have been used to learn classification rules. These techniques are four in number: the neural network, the genetic algorithm, the decision tree, and the theory of rough sets. The results of the study and its perspectives will be presented and discussed throughout this paper.
KEYWORDS
Potential detection, leadership, segmentation, manager profile, artificial intelligence
Manel ZRIBI
Younes BOUJELBENE
ABSTRACT
This paper uses the neural networks with an incremental learning algorithm as tool of selection of the most relevant risk factors in the disease of the breast cancer diagnosis. The results testify of the relevance of the neuronal approach with an incremental algorithm in research. An experimental study is performed using simulated data are further validated on real clinical data for breast cancer diagnosis; it was possible to us to determine the optimal combination of factors allowing to affect a good predictive performance of the type of tumor.
KEYWORDS
Neural networks, incremental learning algorithm, classifications risk factors.
Nizar KERKENI
Ridha BEN CHEIKH
Mohamed HÉDI BEDOUI
Mohamed DOGUI
ABSTRACT
The goal of our work is to develop a software tool for automatic analysis of sleep stages based on artificial neural networks (ANN). In this paper we present our approach for the design of this tool. The first difficulty lies in choosing the representation of physiological signals and mainly the electroencephalogram (EEG). Once the representation adopted, the next step is to design optimal neural network determined by a learning and validation process applied on data from a set of nights of sleep records. The result obtained with a rate of 63% of good classification for six sleep stages, encourages us to further study this issue at the representation and design levels to improve the performance of our tool.
KEYWORDS
Artificial Neural Networks, Decision making, EEG Representation, sleep analysis.
Interview / Entrevue
Comptes Rendus / Book Reviews
Numéro 9 (2): 2012
Articles
Cléa SAMBUC
“La question du marché des organes : apports d’une co-analyse éthique et économique”
ABSTRACT
The objective of this article is to show the contributions of an ethical and economic coanalysis to treat problematic in the domain of the health. An ethical and economic coanalysis brings an additional lighting which can lead to modify the conclusions of the economic analysis. In this respect, the theme of organ transplants is emblematic.
KEYWORDS
organ transplants, organs’ marked, equity, efficacy.
Leïla LOUSSAÏEF
Eloïse MOIGNO
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to explore how consumers perceive responsible products sold by French food retailers. The results highlight different levels of involvement in responsible consumption as well as consumer sensitivity to three factors: Product visibility, content supply and price. Based on the analysis, areas for improvement for retail chains could be summarized in four dimensions: expanding the supply, improving readability of products, having lower prices while avoiding inconsistencies and declining a merchandising more focused on the responsible products.
KEYWORDS
Sustainable Development; CSR; Responsible consumer; Responsible Products; Retailing; France.
Bruno BOIDIN
“Ethique et aide à la santé pour les pays pauvres”
ABSTRACT
In this article we try to show that in spite of the introduction of ethical issues in aid for health, different approaches of aid still coexist. The conception of health as an economic good dominates among those approaches. In a first step we examine the macro level of health aid to put emphasis on the coexistence of two approaches: the human rights approach and the global public goods approach. The weaknesses of the second one are discussed. In a second step we examine the micro and meso level. The donors try to go beyond the limits of the global public goods approach by promoting cooperative mechanisms. This ethics of cooperation is built on a win-win framework. The theoretical and empirical limits of this framework are examined.
KEYWORDS
development aid, health, ethics
Philippe BATIFOULIER
ABSTRACT
Moral hazard remains the gold standard of and constitutes a theoretical and empirical justification for increasing the financial contributions of patients. The contestation of the notion of moral hazard had lead to a moral turn and advocates a segmentation of patients into those for whom co-payments increase individual responsibility and those for whom co-payments reduce access to care. This paper shows that identification of collective priorities in healthcare conflicts with the moral hazard approach. Priority setting in healthcare is not justified in instrumental terms. Priorities are related to the shared expression of societal values and defended independently of the mainstream conception of responsibility.
KEYWORDS
Moral hazard, Health care priority setting, Institutionalist economics, societal values.
Zahia HAMDENE
Zohra ALLAOUI
“Corruption, croissance économique et pauvreté : cas des pays méditerranéens”
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of income inequality, economic growth and corruption on poverty. To do it, we develop, first of all, a literature review on the link between growth and poverty. Then, we lift the importance of the role of institutions in the improvement of the economic growth and the struggle against poverty. Finally, we study the effect of these factors on poverty for a sample of seven Mediterranean countries over the period 1995-2007. The results prove that growth is pro-poor and that the corruption reduces the economic growth and increase poverty.
KEYWORDS
corruption, poverty, inequality, economic growth, Mediterranean countries.
POLÍTICA DE CONFIABILIDAD
ETHICS, ECONOMICS & COMMON GOODS, vol. 19, No. 1, enero-junio 2022, es una publicación semestral editada por la Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla A.C., calle 21 Sur 1103, Col. Santiago, C.P. 72410, Puebla, Puebla. Tel. (222) 2299400, https://ethicsand-economics.
Editor responsable: Manuel Alejandro Gutiérrez González. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo No. 04-2022071213543400-102, ISSN en trámite, ambos otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor. Responsable de la última actualización de este número, Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro, TSU María Guadalupe García Guerrero, Av. Pie de la Cuesta 2501, col. Nacional, fecha de última modificación, 30 de julio de 2022.
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